Chi-square Analysis - a common non-parametric statistical test which compares an expected proportion or ratio to an actual proportion or ratio.Central Tendency - any way of describing or characterizing typical, average, or common values in some distribution.Causality - the relation between cause and effect.It also establishes how much of a change is shown in the dependent variable. Causal Relationship - the relationship established that shows that an independent variable, and nothing else, causes a change in a dependent variable.Causal Hypothesis - a statement hypothesizing that the independent variable affects the dependent variable in some way.Case Study - the collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including data derived from the subjects themselves.Bias means that the research findings will not be representative of, or generalizable to, a wider population. It can also occur at other stages in research, such as while interviewing, in the design of questions, or in the way data are analyzed and presented. It can appear in research via the sampling frame, random sampling, or non-response. Bias - a loss of balance and accuracy in the use of research methods.Benchmarking - systematically measuring and comparing the operations and outcomes of organizations, systems, processes, etc., against agreed upon "best-in-class" frames of reference.that are accepted as true on grounds which are not immediately susceptible to rigorous proof. Beliefs - ideas, doctrines, tenets, etc.Contemporary behaviorism also emphasizes the study of mental states such as feelings and fantasies to the extent that they can be directly observed and measured. Behaviorism - school of psychological thought concerned with the observable, tangible, objective facts of behavior, rather than with subjective phenomena such as thoughts, emotions, or impulses.Baseline - a control measurement carried out before an experimental treatment.Anonymity - a research condition in which no one, including the researcher, knows the identities of research participants.As a verb, it refers to total data from smaller units into a large unit. For instance, the population of a county is an aggregate of the populations of the cities, rural areas, etc. Aggregate - a total created from smaller units.
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